Claim
Learning Chinese characters the Outlier way, i.e., by way of understanding their functional components and how those functional components represent sound and meaning, is the optimal way to learn Chinese characters. Bold claim, right? I’m going to back this claim up without getting into the details of how functional components work. Instead, I’m going to show you what the benefits are:
Benefit #1: Clears up confusion caused by similar-looking components, such as 艮 vs. 良
Benefit #2: Helps you to make intelligent predictions about characters you have not yet learned
Benefit #3: Helps you remember how to write characters (like a virtual input method)
Benefit #4: Opens a whole new world of sound connections
Benefit #5: Gives you more bang for your memory buck
What are functional components anyway? They are the parts of a character that have a function in that character, usually representing a sound or a meaning, but what really makes them important is – they are also powerful tools for recalling character forms!
Understanding functional components helps both with learning individual characters and understanding how Chinese characters work as a system, by enabling the learner to use the sound and meaning of the word they want to write to help them remember how to write a character. Let’s see how that works in practice.
Benefit #1: Clears up confusion caused by similar-looking components, such as 艮 vs. 良
Many learners confuse similar-looking components, such as 艮 vs. 良. When writing a character with one of those components, they ask themselves, “Do I put that dot here or not?” Learning via functional components clears up issues like this. Knowing that 艮 gèn and良 liáng often act as sound components is the key. If the character you are trying to write is pronounced gen, ken, or hen, then it’s 艮. If the character you are trying to write is pronounced lang, liang, nang, or niang, then it’s 良. This is quite useful when faced with pairs like 狠 hěn “ruthless” or 狼 láng “wolf”! This is not an isolated example. I have collected at least 33 such pairs of similar components that can be distinguished by using sound. Here’s four more: 廷/延; 卯/卬; 免/兔; 專(专)/尃.
Don’t lose your head over Chinese characters!
Benefit #2: Helps you to make intelligent predictions about characters you have not yet learned
Understanding how characters work as a system can also be used to help you intelligently guess sounds and meanings of characters that you come across in a meaningful context. We call this predictive ability. Say for instance, you come across this sentence: 他用脸盆洗脸 (他用臉盆洗臉) and you haven’t yet learned the character 盆. Since you know the rest of the characters, you read the sentence as: He used a face-盆 to wash his face. From context, you know that a face-盆 is something people use to wash their face with. If you understand functional components, you know that 皿 mǐn is a type of container and that 分 fēn means “to divide”.
Since 分 is a common sound component, and 皿 is not, you might surmise that the pronunciation of the this character is fen, ben, or pen and it refers to a type of container. Of course, without looking it up, you don’t know for sure. All you can do is make an intelligent guess. If you looked up 盆, you’d find that it is pronounced pén and means “basin”. Knowing that b-, p-, and f- are very closely related sounds, you could happily accept 分 as the sound component for 盆. Being able to make intelligent predictions like this is a very useful skill to have indeed and the fastest way to obtain it is to have a good understanding of functional components and how they work. Seeing these connections also makes it easier to remember new character forms via the following aspects of effective memorization: meaningfulness, association, and organization.
Benefit #3: Helps you remember how to write characters (like a virtual input method)
Why can people type characters that they can’t write? Because when typing, you see a list of possible characters that help jog your memory. What if you could access this type of power when writing by hand? If you learn using our system, you can. Think about it. When you type, you’re using the sound of a character or word to get a list of possible matches. Say you’re trying to write bǎng, meaning “to tie”:
Here, the user types bang in order to see a list of characters that have that pronunciation. In other words, they are using their knowledge of a character’s pronunciation in conjunction with the aid of software in order to create a list of possible characters. Then, the user scrolls through the list until they find the one that they recognize.
A learner who has a more advanced understanding of functional components can do something very similar to this without the aid of software. Say you want to write the word bǎng “to tie, bind”, but you can’t remember how. If you don’t understand functional components, the story ends with a trip to the dictionary. Using an understanding of how characters work as a system, however, you can use the sound and meaning of the word to trigger your memory:
Which sound components can represent the sound bǎng? 封 fēng, 邦 bāng, 方 fāng, etc.
Which semantic components can express the meaning “to tie”: 巾 “cloth belt”, 帛 “cloth”, 纟“silk”, 衤 “upper-body clothing”.
Usually, people can recognize many more characters than they can write, because seeing the character itself triggers the memory of its sound and meaning. This ability to recognize in combination with seeing 纟＋邦 is very likely to trigger the learner’s memory of 绑 bǎng “to tie, bind”. (By the way, this is not a made up example! It comes from personal experience.) While this may seem complex, if you use our system to learn Chinese characters, each character you learn will bring you closer to having this ability yourself.
But for this to work, it’s not simply enough to know what the functional components are. You also have to know how they work. One of the keys to understanding the above example is understanding how 封 fēng can represent the sound bǎng. 封 actually is the sound component for the traditional character 幫 bāng “to help”. Even the simplified character for 幫 has 邦 bāng as its sound component: 帮. And guess what, the sound component for 邦 is 丰 fēng! Not only that, but the 圭 in 封 is actually a corruption of an earlier 丰 fēng.
Benefit #4: Opens a whole new world of sound connections
I have also developed a system that explains complex sound relations with easy to understand sound patterns. I can’t show you those just yet, but here’s a teaser: the sounds b-, p-, and f- are very closely related. Just knowing that fact alone, allows you to see sound connections that you may not have noticed before, like:
甫 fǔ in 铺/鋪 pù “store”
反 fǎn in 板 bǎn “board” and 版 bǎn “printing plate”
分 fēn in 盆 pén “basin”
非 fēi in 辈/輩 bèi “generation”, 悲 bēi “sad”, and even in 排 pái “to arrange”
There are a lot of other easy to understand sound relations that reveal how sound is expressed in Chinese characters. Once you know them all, you will literally see sound connections all over the place. Because Mandarin is so different from the language at the time characters were invented, there are a significant number of sound connections that even native speakers miss, like the sound relation between 监/監 jiān and 篮/籃 lán, 蓝/藍 lán, and 览/覽 lǎn. The better you know these rules for sound variation, the more effective your virtual Chinese input method becomes, i.e., the better you’re able to use functional components to recall character forms, even ones that you haven’t written in a long time.
Benefit #5: Gives you more bang for your memory buck
Functional components can even be combined with mnemonics and memory stories. Additionally, they give you the power to trigger your memory of character forms. Because they are part of the system of Chinese characters, you can use your knowledge of how that system works to help with recall, even after you’ve forgotten your mnemonics and memory stories.
The reason this works is because it gets you away from learning characters as isolated individuals and helps you to see each character as part of a larger, logical framework. In turn, that larger framework can be used to recall individual characters as demonstrated above. The more accurate your knowledge of this system is, the stronger your long term recall and predictive ability. In the same way, inaccurate character form explanations and mnemonics or memory stories that are not coupled with a knowledge of functional components actually hide the logic of the Chinese writing system and keep learners from quickly obtaining long-term recall and predictive ability. They may eventually obtain those skills, but it will be a longer, more painful struggle. It’s not hard to imagine that the fewer characters you know, the more useful those skills are. So why wait until after you’ve learned thousands of characters to acquire those skills when you can get them very early on through functional components?
In summary
Above, I claimed that functional components are the optimal way to learn Chinese characters. I say optimal, because you get the most bang for your memory buck. Simply by knowing that b-, p- and f- are closely related sounds, a whole new set of sound connections become obvious. Those sound connections in combination with knowledge of sound components can be used to learn new characters more easily, make intelligent predictions about the possible sounds of unknown characters and to trigger memory for writing character forms. In the same way, understanding semantic components and how they express meaning also adds to this bottom line.
Also, please note that the above list of the benefits of functional components is not at all comprehensive. Making such a list would turn this post into a book chapter. It’s always a challenge to keeps these posts short!
If you like this idea of functional components and want to know more, check out our Chinese Character Masterclass, where we teach you exactly how to learn Chinese characters this way. We also highly recommend our free webinar, which you can watch any time here!